Case Study of Phrenic Nerve Paralysis: “I Can't Breathe!”

BackgroundThe anatomic course of the phrenic nerve runs in the fascia covering the anterior scalene muscle. Interscalene blocks are commonly performed by an anesthesiologist for shoulder surgery, such as a rotator cuff repair, total shoulder replacement, humeral fracture, or other arm surgery. Phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis is a known complication from interscalene block and is covered in multiple case reports and series in both Anesthesia and Neurosurgical literature, but only one case report in the Emergency Medicine literature.Case ReportThis case involves a 57-year-old man who had an uncomplicated arthroscopic rotator cuff repair with placement of interscalene block under care of anesthesia. He was discharged with a pain pump in place and then subsequently presented to the Emergency Department (ED) later that same day for evaluation of dyspnea. Using point-of-care ultrasound, his right diaphragm did not appear to be moving. Chest x-ray study revealed an elevated right hemidiaphragm. He was diagnosed with iatrogenic right phrenic nerve paralysis from interscalene block.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Emergent diagnosis of phrenic nerve paralysis in the ED is complicated by a distressed patient and need for quick intervention. Most formal tests for this diagnosis are not immediately available to emergency physicians. Ultrasound is a rapid and reproducible, noninvasive resource with high sensitivity and specificity, making it an ideal imaging modality for the emergent evaluation of possible phrenic nerve palsy or paralysis.     

Deoxynivalenol induces apoptosis in PC12 cells via the mitochondrial pathway

Deoxynivalenol (DON) has broad toxicity in animals and humans. In this study the impact of DON treatment on apoptotic pathways in PC12 cells was determined. The effects of DON were evaluated on (i) typical indicators of apoptosis, including cellular morphology, cell activity, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and apoptosis ratio in PC12 cells, and on (ii) the expression of key genes and proteins related to apoptosis, including Bcl-2, Bax, Bid, cytochrome C (Cyt C), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), cleaved-Caspase9, and cleaved-Caspase3. DON treatment inhibited proliferation of PC12 cells, induced significant morphological changes and apoptosis, promoted the release of Cyt C and AIF from the mitochondria, and increased the activities of cleaved-Caspase9 and cleaved-Caspase3. Bcl-2 expression decreased with increasing DON concentrations, in contrast to Bax and Bid, which were increased with increasing DON concentration. These data demonstrate that DON induces apoptosis in PC12 cells through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway.     

抑郁症患者心理过程及其对服药依从性的影响

本文阐述了抑郁症患者心理过程及其对服药依从性不良影响,旨在为提高患者的服药依从性提供新思路。文章结合国内外已有研究,分别从抑郁症患者认知、情绪及意志的特点及其在服药依从行为中起到的作用进行总结,认为抑郁症患者的心理特点对服药依从性有影响。     

The Associations of Dietary Inflammatory Potential With Musculoskeletal Health in Chinese Community-Dwelling Older People: The Mr. OS and Ms. OS (Hong Kong) Cohort Study

Inflammation, an important contributory factor of muscle and bone aging, is potentially modulated by diet. This study examined the associations of dietary inflammatory index (DII) score with musculoskeletal parameters and related disease outcomes in 3995 community-dwelling Chinese men and women aged ≥65 years in Hong Kong. DII score at baseline was estimated from a food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle mass estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), hand grip strength, gait speed, and chair stand test were measured at baseline, year 4, and year 14. The associations of DII score with the longitudinal changes of musculoskeletal parameters, and incidence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia, and fractures were examined by using general linear model, multinomial logistic regression model, and Cox proportional hazards regression model, respectively. After multiple adjustments, each tertile increase in DII score in men was associated with 0.37 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10–0.64) kg loss in grip strength and 0.02 (95% CI, 0.01–0.03) m/s loss in gait speed over 4 years. In men, the highest tertile of DII was associated with a higher risk of incident fractures, with adjusted and competing death adjusted hazard ratio (HR) (95% CI) of 1.56 (1.14–2.14) and 1.40 (1.02–1.91), respectively. In women, DII score was not significantly associated with any muscle-related outcomes or incidence of fracture, but a significant association between higher DII score and risk of osteoporosis at year 14 was observed, with the highest tertile of DII score having adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% CI) of 1.90 (1.03–3.52). In conclusion, pro-inflammatory diet consumption promoted loss of muscle strength and physical function, and increased risk of fractures in older Chinese men. Pro-inflammatory diets had no significant association with muscle related outcomes but increased the long-term risk of osteoporosis in older Chinese women. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).     

结直肠癌化疗患者营养状况及营养治疗研究进展

结直肠癌是常见的消化道肿瘤，其营养不良发生率高且严重。化疗是结直肠癌常见治疗方式之一，并与营养不良独立相关，化疗后患营养不良风险增大且营养不良进一步加重。同时，营养不良可导致患者化疗疗效差及预后不良，并增加化疗相关不良反应、影响患者生活质量及降低生存率等。营养治疗能够有效改善患者营养状况，在肿瘤综合治疗中有重要作用，且多学科团队合作是有效的营养干预模式。目前营养治疗主要包括营养咨询、口服营养补充剂、肠内营养和肠外营养等，相关指南和研究表明在营养治疗时应首选口服营养补充剂及肠内营养，仅在采用以上治疗后仍存在营养不足或无法进行肠内营养时行肠外营养。本文主要对结直肠癌患者营养状况与化疗之间关系、营养治疗的最新研究进展及相关指南进行综述，以期引起临床上对结直肠癌化疗患者营养治疗方面重视并提供参考。     

Retardation of pain development: a case of recovery from congenital insensitivity to pain

Congenital analgesia is a rare genetic disorder. We report here that a 12-year-old boy was able to recover from congenital insensitivity to pain. Neurological examinations revealed that there was a 'stocking' distribution of pain decrement on the lower extremities under the patient's knee joints. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of his brain showed gyrus thinning with sulcus widening at both sides of the parietal lobe. Southern blot hybridization probed with cDNAs of various opioid receptors did not detect any significant abnormality. Our results suggest that this rare case may not be genetically determined.     

Complex segregation analyses of bone mineral density in Chinese

China has the largest population in the world; approximately 7% of the total population suffers from primary osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is mainly characterized by low bone mineral density (BMD). In the present study, familial correlation and segregation analyses for spine and hip BMDs have been undertaken for the first time in a Chinese sample composed of 401 nuclear families with a total of 1,260 individuals. The results indicate a major gene of additive inheritance for hip BMD, whereas there is no evidence of a major gene influencing spine BMD. Significant familial residual effects are found for both traits, and heritability estimates (±SE) for spine and hip BMDs are 0.807(0.099) and 0.897(0.101), respectively. Sex and age differences in genotype‐specific average BMD are also observed. This study provides the first evidence quantifying the high degree of genetic determination of BMD variation in the Chinese.     

TRPV4抑制剂HC067047对小鼠膝骨关节炎软骨组织的影响

目的探讨瞬时受体电位香草素受体4型通道蛋白(TRPV4)抑制剂HC067047对小鼠膝骨关节炎软骨组织的影响。 方法将30只小鼠均分为假手术组、模型组、HC067047组。假手术组仅切开右侧膝关节髌韧带内侧皮肤,不予处理膝关节囊内结构;模型组、HC067047组手术切除小鼠板股韧带及内侧半月板前角以构建膝骨关节炎,分别用生理盐水、HC067047每天10 mg/kg灌胃。qRT-PCR检测各组小鼠软骨组织中TRPV4 mRNA表达水平。番红固绿染色评估关节软骨受损程度,HE染色分析膝关节软骨下骨的骨量变化。Western blotting检测各组软骨组织中细胞焦亡标志蛋白TRPV4、Caspase-1、核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体家族热蛋白结构域蛋白3(NLRP3)、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)、GSDMD-N蛋白水平;ELISA、Western blotting分别检测血清、软骨组织中炎症因子水平。 结果与假手术组比较,模型组TRPV4、NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD-N、IL-1β、IL-18水平显著升高(P＜0.05)。与模型组比较,HC067047组NLRP3、ASC、Caspase-1、GSDMD-N、IL-1β、IL-18水平显著降低(P＜0.05)。HC067047能明显改善关节软骨形态及降低骨关节炎受损程度,并能维持软骨下骨的骨量。 结论TRPV4抑制剂HC067047能抑制软骨组织细胞焦亡,改善膝骨关节炎小鼠关节软骨的退变。     

肥胖相关性肾病诊疗研究进展

肥胖相关性肾病已呈流行发展趋势,已成为终末期肾病的主要原因之一。目前认为其发病机制主要与肥胖所致肾小球血流动力学改变和脂质异位沉积等相关,但其机制仍未完全阐明。减轻体重是治疗肥胖相关性肾病的重要方法,但常因环境、个人执行情况的影响而收效甚微,且有部分患者体重控制后肾病仍持续进展。综合应用有效的肥胖相关性肾病治疗方法,对控制其进展十分重要。该文综述肥胖相关性肾病的致病机制和诊疗进展,探讨中药在肥胖相关性肾病治疗中的价值,旨在为临床提供参考,提高肥胖相关性肾病一体化管理水平。